How is content organized in the curriculum framework - Curriculum strands. Structural elements of the curriculum designating the way in which content is organized for the purpose of planning for student learning. The term ‘strands’ is used to indicate: (a) the disciplines within a learning area, e.g. history, geography, economics and civics under ‘social studies’, each with its own ...

 
Jan 19, 2022 · Since 2005 A.D, a lot of improvement can be seen in the curriculum framework of Nepal but still teaching methodology shows a micro improvement. The contents set or organized for producing human resources is not at least bad but there’s a lack of interpretational ability which is one bad side or say failure of educational administration. . Mckinnon

1. The nature of a curriculum framework Before discussing the process of developing a curriculum framework, it is important to have a clear understanding of what a curriculum framework is. One important distinction to make is that a curriculum framework is not, per se, a curriculum, and the word ‘framework’ therefore needs to be considered Curriculum Curriculum refers to the entirety of the organized experience of students in any institutional setting towards educational aims and objectives. The elements that constitute and bring to life a Curriculum are numerous, and include goals and objectives, syllabi, content to be taught and learnt, pedagogical practices and assessment, teach- Curriculum is a systematic and intended packaging of competencies (i.e. knowledge, skills and attitudes that are underpinned by values) that learners should acquire through organised learning experiences both in formal and non-formal settings (See: Different meanings of curricula ). Good curriculum plays an important role in forging life-long ...Curriculum Standards. Because of student mobility, Texas has adopted curriculum standards that are to be used in all the state's public schools. The current standards, which outline what students are to learn in each course or grade, are called Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills (TEKS). The standards are adopted by the State Board of ...Because the process of integrating standards into the curriculum dictates changes in the way the school operates and teachers teach, the curriculum committee can determine specific components of curriculum frameworks to include in the local framework. These components may include an overview, content standards or expectations, performance ... Because the process of integrating standards into the curriculum dictates changes in the way the school operates and teachers teach, the curriculum committee can determine specific components of curriculum frameworks to include in the local framework. These components may include an overview, content standards or expectations, performance ... Organizing instructional content provides a framework for navigating information. It also helps people to create an internal mental framework—a more organized network of knowledge that can provide meaning and help with quick retrieval. Information architecture is an important part of web design.A curriculum framework is an organized plan or set of standards or learning outcomes that defines the content to be learned in terms of clear, definable standards of what the student should know and be able to do. A Curriculum Framework is part of a outcome-based education or standards based education reform design. The content is organized in the way of the students can use those languages in the class. It is formally organized and focus on the subjects, development of the students learning and understanding. As we look on the framework, the subjects or learning areas in each stage is first in the Second Language Development which are: Filipino, English ...Dec 15, 2022 · The learning standards in the Massachusetts curriculum frameworks set expectations for what all students should know and be able to do by the end of each school year. . Educators, students, families, and others can use the Standards Navigator to explore the Massachusetts learning standards and find related resources such as student work exemplars, quick reference guides, and definitions of Apr 14, 2011 · The framework is organized around three interlocking components namely: inquiry skills, scientific attitudes, and content and connections, as shown in the diagram. Being interrelated, these components are woven together in order to support the holistic development of a scientifically literate individual. The term curriculum refers to the lessons and academic content taught in a school or in a specific course or program. In dictionaries, curriculum is often defined as the courses offered by a school, but it is rarely used in such a general sense in schools. Depending on how broadly educators define or employ the term, curriculum typically refers ...The curriculum consists of the plans for the learning experiences through which children acquire knowledge, skills, abilities, and understanding. Implementing a curriculum always yields outcomes of some kind—but which outcomes those are and how a program achieves them are critical. In developmentally appropriate practice, the curriculum helps ...It is a process of learning derived from an organized and systematic education activity working either separately or as a special feature of a formal education institution. 2. Its curriculum is flexible, diversified in content and method because it should conform to the needs of the identified group of learners. Informal Education 1.The Fiji Islands National Curriculum Framework (NCF) sets out the philosophy and structure for curriculum from early childhood to Form 7. It provides information to assist all those with a responsibility for the provision and quality of the curriculum and education in the Fiji Islands. The framework will be of use to and will inform: The curriculum framework, including the expected learning outcomes, communicates what teachers and learners should know and do. Curriculum is a description of what, why, how, and how well students should learn in a systematic and intentional way. (14) Expected learning outcomes define the totality of information, knowledge, understanding ... The American Curriculum offers a wide range of courses and subjects designed to produce well-rounded students. The American system of education focuses on helping students discover the subjects where they excel and make the most of their talents. The curriculum is designed in a way that prepares students for university and beyond by promoting ... and expressed through the curriculum framework and other formal documents (Gilbert, 2012). According to Porter and Smithson (2001), the intended curriculum refers to such policy tools as curriculum standards, frameworks, or guidelines that outline what teachers are expected to deliver. As stated, content is one of the four main elements of aThe curriculum is a standards-based sequence of planned experiences where students practice and achieve proficiency in content and applied learning skills. Published in Chapter: Teaching Education in Values Through Games in Primary Education ; From: Global Perspectives on Value Education in Primary School.Organizing Your Course to Facilitate Student Learning. Well-organized courses encourage student motivation, performance, and persistence. Instructors can design their courses in many rich ways to cultivate student motivation and enhance opportunities for more effective learning. When a course is designed so that the learning goals align with ...The curriculum is a standards-based sequence of planned experiences where students practice and achieve proficiency in content and applied learning skills. Published in Chapter: Teaching Education in Values Through Games in Primary Education ; From: Global Perspectives on Value Education in Primary School.A curriculum framework is an organized plan or set of standards or learning outcomes that defines the content to be learned in terms of clear, definable standards of what the student should know and be able to do. [1] A curriculum framework is part of an outcome-based education or standards based education reform design. Nov 8, 2022 · The preschool learning foundations are a critical step in the California Department of Education’s efforts to strengthen preschool education and school readiness and to close the achievement gap in California. As the word is used in this publication, foundations describe the knowledge, skills, and competencies that children typically attain ... At the beginning of 2020, to stop the spread of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) to the campus, the Ministry of Education of China launched a policy “Suspension of classes without suspending schooling” for the spring semester of 2020. However, the drawbacks of online teaching (e.g., students’ inadequate autonomous learning, the lack of effective online instruction) forced us to modify ...Answer: Teaching and learning frameworks are created as a study outcome model to assist teachers in defining the subject to be learnt in terms of clear, measurable learning standards, creating inspiring and inclusive environments, and incorporating assessment into learning. 4.) How is content organized in the curriculum framework?Since 2005 A.D, a lot of improvement can be seen in the curriculum framework of Nepal but still teaching methodology shows a micro improvement. The contents set or organized for producing human resources is not at least bad but there’s a lack of interpretational ability which is one bad side or say failure of educational administration.Regardless of definition or approach, curriculum can be organized into three major components: objectives, content or subject matter, and learning experiences. Think of objectives as a road map (“where” are we going), content as the “what” of curriculum, and learning experiences as the “how.”The California State Board of Education adopted the ELA/ELD Framework on July 9, 2014. This is the final digital version of the ELA/ELD Framework. The executive summary provides a glimpse into the ELA/ELD Framework and the guidance it provides for educators, including descriptive snapshots and vignettes of grade-level instruction. This summary ...The framework is organized around three interlocking components namely: inquiry skills, scientific attitudes, and content and connections, as shown in the diagram. Being interrelated, these components are woven together in order to support the holistic development of a scientifically literate individual.5. Utility usefulness of the content either for the present or the future. 6. Learnability should be within the range of the experiences of the learners. 7. Feasibility can be learned within the time allowed, resources available, expertise of the teacher and the nature of the learners. MTB-MLE Framework. Chapter 3 Mother Tongue- Based Multilingual Education Framework: It’s Implementation in the Basic Education Curriculum ; At the end of this Module, you should be able to: Explain basic elements of the Mother Tongue-Based Multilingual Education Curriculum Framework. Apply the concepts and processes of the MTB-MLE curriculum framework in teaching-learning situations. Discuss ...Nov 8, 2022 · Introduction. The preschool learning foundations are a critical step in the California Department of Education’s (CDE’s) efforts to strengthen preschool education and close the school-readiness gap in California, thereby narrowing the achievement gap during the K–12 school years. The foundations describe competencies—knowledge and ... 5. Utility usefulness of the content either for the present or the future. 6. Learnability should be within the range of the experiences of the learners. 7. Feasibility can be learned within the time allowed, resources available, expertise of the teacher and the nature of the learners.Curriculum Framework . The curriculum framework provides an overview of the entire structure of the curriculum development process. This framework provides the vision to improve the learning outcomes of all students and to enable schools to develop learning and teaching programs that meet the needs of students and changes in society. The curriculum May 18, 2022 · SCIENCE CURRICULUM FRAMEWORK an assignment, a course, and program outcomes is a critical component of a curriculum framework. Suggested questions to determine graduate competency are provided for each program outcome. The list is not inclusive of all evaluation strategies; it is a guide to be used for dialogue and How to design your curriculum. Step 1: Principles and purpose – Set out the intent of your curriculum. Step 2: Entitlement and enrichment – Develop your pupil entitlement. Step 3: Breadth and balance – Curate the content of your curriculum. Step 4: Teaching narrative – Plan the delivery of your curriculum.The American Curriculum offers a wide range of courses and subjects designed to produce well-rounded students. The American system of education focuses on helping students discover the subjects where they excel and make the most of their talents. The curriculum is designed in a way that prepares students for university and beyond by promoting ...result in more content organized chronologically and geographically in ways that more fully establish the ability of students to identify and remember causes and effects related to major historical people, events, and ideas across approximately 7000 years of world, U.S., and Texas history . Opportunities to mathematics curriculum standards for both integrated and subject-based course sequences. For example, Indiana provides standards organized into two course sequences (Algebra I, Geometry and Algebra II; Integrated Mathematics I, II, III). New York includes one course (Integrating Algebra) that specifies curriculum standards from multiple strands.The content is organized in the way of the students can use those languages in the class. It is formally organized and focus on the subjects, development of the students learning and understanding. As we look on the framework, the subjects or learning areas in each stage is first in the Second Language Development which are: Filipino, English ...The NCSS curriculum standards instead provide a set of principles by which content can be selected and organized to build a viable, valid, and defensible social studies curriculum for grades from pre-K through 12. They are not a substitute for content standards, but instead provide the necessary framework for the implementation of content ... overview of the curriculum field and a set of concepts for analyzing the field. To accom-plish these related goals, the discussion that follows focuses on these outcomes: defining the concept of curriculum, examining the several types of curricula, describing the con-trasting nature of curriculum components, and analyzing the hidden curriculum ... Curriculum Framework . The Nevada CTE Curriculum Frameworks are organized utilizing the recommended course sequencing listed in the program of study and the CTE Course Catalog. The framework identifies the recommended content standards, performance standards, and performance indicators that should be taught in each course.The American Curriculum offers a wide range of courses and subjects designed to produce well-rounded students. The American system of education focuses on helping students discover the subjects where they excel and make the most of their talents. The curriculum is designed in a way that prepares students for university and beyond by promoting ...Part 1: Curriculum Framework 61 2 The Learning Environment The second component of theCreative Curriculumframework is the learning environment—the use and organization of the space in your classroom, the daily schedule and routines, and the social and emotional atmosphere. In The Creative Curriculum, the learning environment meetsCurriculum Curriculum refers to the entirety of the organized experience of students in any institutional setting towards educational aims and objectives. The elements that constitute and bring to life a Curriculum are numerous, and include goals and objectives, syllabi, content to be taught and learnt, pedagogical practices and assessment, teach- Introduction. The preschool learning foundations are critical to the California Department of Education’s (CDE’s) efforts to strengthen preschool education and close the school-readiness gap in California. The foundations describe competencies—knowledge and skills—that most children can be expected to exhibit in a high-quality program ...Curriculum refers to an interactive system of instruction and learning with specific goals, contents, strategies, measurement, and resources. The desired outcome of curriculum is successful transfer and/or development of knowledge, skills, and attitudes. Everything that is written, taught and tested in an educational program of study. Curriculum refers to an interactive system of instruction and learning with specific goals, contents, strategies, measurement, and resources. The desired outcome of curriculum is successful transfer and/or development of knowledge, skills, and attitudes. Everything that is written, taught and tested in an educational program of study.based on the "Show Me Standards." The 73 "Show Me Standards" define what students should know and be able to do by the time they graduate from Missouri's public high schools. This guide begins with an explanation of the curriculum frameworks and the Show Me Standards, followed by an overview of health education and physical education in Missouri.Organizing instructional content provides a framework for navigating information. It also helps people to create an internal mental framework—a more organized network of knowledge that can provide meaning and help with quick retrieval. Information architecture is an important part of web design.result in more content organized chronologically and geographically in ways that more fully establish the ability of students to identify and remember causes and effects related to major historical people, events, and ideas across approximately 7000 years of world, U.S., and Texas history . Opportunities toA quality curriculum maximizes the potential for the effective enhancement of learning. Underlying this paper is the premise that educational quality should be understood primarily in terms of the quality of student learning, which in turn depends to a great extent on the quality of teaching. Because the process of integrating standards into the curriculum dictates changes in the way the school operates and teachers teach, the curriculum committee can determine specific components of curriculum frameworks to include in the local framework. These components may include an overview, content standards or expectations, performance ...The American Curriculum offers a wide range of courses and subjects designed to produce well-rounded students. The American system of education focuses on helping students discover the subjects where they excel and make the most of their talents. The curriculum is designed in a way that prepares students for university and beyond by promoting ... what standards are, what curriculum consists of, what assessments are, and what alignment means in the context of curriculum and assessment. Standards indicate what students should know and be able to do within a particular content area, while curriculum shapes how students will gain the knowledge, skills, and abilities as described in the ... Nov 8, 2022 · The preschool learning foundations are a critical step in the California Department of Education’s efforts to strengthen preschool education and school readiness and to close the achievement gap in California. As the word is used in this publication, foundations describe the knowledge, skills, and competencies that children typically attain ... While the NONPF Framework does provide an extensive list of entry-level requirements for NPs, the challenges faced by the institution as it aimed to incorporate the framework into the curriculum clearly provide evidence that these overarching frameworks need to include both a philosophical and organizational component to help guide educators ...ÐÏ à¡± á> þÿ ® ° þÿÿÿ¬ ...Second, content standards guide public school instruction, curriculum, and assessment in an organized and meaningful manner—essentially providing a map of where the curriculum should go and enabling schools and teachers to tailor their instruction to fit the needs of diverse learners. Curriculum strands. Structural elements of the curriculum designating the way in which content is organized for the purpose of planning for student learning. The term ‘strands’ is used to indicate: (a) the disciplines within a learning area, e.g. history, geography, economics and civics under ‘social studies’, each with its own ... 1. The nature of a curriculum framework Before discussing the process of developing a curriculum framework, it is important to have a clear understanding of what a curriculum framework is. One important distinction to make is that a curriculum framework is not, per se, a curriculum, and the word ‘framework’ therefore needs to be consideredThis question is considered in detail in Module 3 – Curriculum Design (Training Tools for Curriculum Development – A Resource Pack). How will the content (the knowledge, skills, values and attitudes) be organized under the new curriculum framework?24 One very common reason for adopting a framework approach to curriculum is to introduce more ...The term curriculum refers to the lessons and academic content taught in a school or in a specific course or program. In dictionaries, curriculum is often defined as the courses offered by a school, but it is rarely used in such a general sense in schools. Depending on how broadly educators define or employ the term, curriculum typically refers ...Defining the curriculum content. Curriculum development is both a political and technical process. Given the importance of curriculum for society (i.e. from the point of view of its identity; development prospects; etc.), curriculum is a matter of public interest. Curriculum entails nevertheless technical aspects that are the responsibility of ...result in more content organized chronologically and geographically in ways that more fully establish the ability of students to identify and remember causes and effects related to major historical people, events, and ideas across approximately 7000 years of world, U.S., and Texas history . Opportunities toCurriculum The development, dissemination, and implementation of relevant and effective curriculum and expected learning outcomes can improve teaching and learning. The curriculum framework, including the expected learning outcomes, communicates what teachers and learners should know and do.May 29, 2023 · 1. Define the purpose of the curriculum. Your curriculum should have clear topic and purpose. The topic should be appropriate for the age of the students and the environment in which the curriculum will be taught. [1] If you are asked to design a course, ask yourself questions about the general purpose of the course. Standards, kindergarten content stan-dards, and the . Head Start Child Develop-ment and Early Education Framework. An investment in high-quality care and educa-tion programs throughout the early years will promote learning for all children and ensure school readiness when they enter kindergarten. These foundations will help guide andlearning of the curriculum through integration and application of that knowledge into current knowledge schemes. Cognitive development and higher order thinking skills (HOTS). Using the learners’ mother tongue provides a strong foundation by developing cognitive skills and comprehension of the academic content from day one. A curriculum framework is an organized plan or set of standards or learning outcomes that defines the content to be learned in terms of clear, definable standards of what the student should know and be able to do. A Curriculum Framework is part of a outcome-based education or standards based education reform design. While the NONPF Framework does provide an extensive list of entry-level requirements for NPs, the challenges faced by the institution as it aimed to incorporate the framework into the curriculum clearly provide evidence that these overarching frameworks need to include both a philosophical and organizational component to help guide educators ...The NCSS curriculum standards offer a set of principles by which content can be selected and organized to build a viable, valid, and defensible social studies curriculum for grades from pre-K through 12. They provide the necessary framework for the implementation of content standards.allows a curriculum committee to identify key issues and trends that will support the needs assessment that should be conducted and the philosophy that should be developed. Research often begins with a committee's reading and discussing timely, seminal and content specific reports from curriculum associations. Committee members should result in more content organized chronologically and geographically in ways that more fully establish the ability of students to identify and remember causes and effects related to major historical people, events, and ideas across approximately 7000 years of world, U.S., and Texas history . Opportunities toAug 12, 2015 · The term curriculum refers to the lessons and academic content taught in a school or in a specific course or program. In dictionaries, curriculum is often defined as the courses offered by a school, but it is rarely used in such a general sense in schools. Depending on how broadly educators define or employ the term, curriculum typically refers ... The preschool learning foundations are a critical step in the California Department of Education’s efforts to strengthen preschool education and school readiness and to close the achievement gap in California. As the word is used in this publication, foundations describe the knowledge, skills, and competencies that children typically attain ...It is a process of learning derived from an organized and systematic education activity working either separately or as a special feature of a formal education institution. 2. Its curriculum is flexible, diversified in content and method because it should conform to the needs of the identified group of learners. Informal Education 1. The C3 Framework, like the Common Core State Standards, emphasizes the acquisition and application of knowledge to prepare students for college, career, and civic life. It intentionally envisions social studies instruction as an inquiry arc of interlocking and mutually reinforcing elements that speak to the intersection of ideas and learners. The C3 Framework, like the Common Core State Standards, emphasizes the acquisition and application of knowledge to prepare students for college, career, and civic life. It intentionally envisions social studies instruction as an inquiry arc of interlocking and mutually reinforcing elements that speak to the intersection of ideas and learners.Curriculum alignment brings teams of teachers together to plan instructions. Vertical alignment is when teachers who teach the same content area meet across grade level bands. Horizontal alignment ...result in more content organized chronologically and geographically in ways that more fully establish the ability of students to identify and remember causes and effects related to major historical people, events, and ideas across approximately 7000 years of world, U.S., and Texas history . Opportunities to While the NONPF Framework does provide an extensive list of entry-level requirements for NPs, the challenges faced by the institution as it aimed to incorporate the framework into the curriculum clearly provide evidence that these overarching frameworks need to include both a philosophical and organizational component to help guide educators ...Curriculum implementation. The process of putting the formal curriculum into practice. In the case of a new or revised curriculum this process ideally includes school development and improvement processes; fostered school leadership and ethos; in-service teacher training and the development of new textbooks, teaching and learning materials and ...Organizing Your Course to Facilitate Student Learning. Well-organized courses encourage student motivation, performance, and persistence. Instructors can design their courses in many rich ways to cultivate student motivation and enhance opportunities for more effective learning. When a course is designed so that the learning goals align with ...How to design your curriculum. Step 1: Principles and purpose – Set out the intent of your curriculum. Step 2: Entitlement and enrichment – Develop your pupil entitlement. Step 3: Breadth and balance – Curate the content of your curriculum. Step 4: Teaching narrative – Plan the delivery of your curriculum.Curriculum strands. Structural elements of the curriculum designating the way in which content is organized for the purpose of planning for student learning. The term ‘strands’ is used to indicate: (a) the disciplines within a learning area, e.g. history, geography, economics and civics under ‘social studies’, each with its own ...Curriculum The development, dissemination, and implementation of relevant and effective curriculum and expected learning outcomes can improve teaching and learning. The curriculum framework, including the expected learning outcomes, communicates what teachers and learners should know and do.Curriculum Standards. Because of student mobility, Texas has adopted curriculum standards that are to be used in all the state's public schools. The current standards, which outline what students are to learn in each course or grade, are called Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills (TEKS). The standards are adopted by the State Board of ...Curriculum Curriculum refers to the entirety of the organized experience of students in any institutional setting towards educational aims and objectives. The elements that constitute and bring to life a Curriculum are numerous, and include goals and objectives, syllabi, content to be taught and learnt, pedagogical practices and assessment, teach-

A quality curriculum maximizes the potential for the effective enhancement of learning. Underlying this paper is the premise that educational quality should be understood primarily in terms of the quality of student learning, which in turn depends to a great extent on the quality of teaching. . Fleetandfarm

how is content organized in the curriculum framework

learning of the curriculum through integration and application of that knowledge into current knowledge schemes. Cognitive development and higher order thinking skills (HOTS). Using the learners’ mother tongue provides a strong foundation by developing cognitive skills and comprehension of the academic content from day one.Regardless of definition or approach, curriculum can be organized into three major components: objectives, content or subject matter, and learning experiences. Think of objectives as a road map (“where” are we going), content as the “what” of curriculum, and learning experiences as the “how.”How to design your curriculum. Step 1: Principles and purpose – Set out the intent of your curriculum. Step 2: Entitlement and enrichment – Develop your pupil entitlement. Step 3: Breadth and balance – Curate the content of your curriculum. Step 4: Teaching narrative – Plan the delivery of your curriculum.At the beginning of 2020, to stop the spread of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) to the campus, the Ministry of Education of China launched a policy “Suspension of classes without suspending schooling” for the spring semester of 2020. However, the drawbacks of online teaching (e.g., students’ inadequate autonomous learning, the lack of effective online instruction) forced us to modify ...Curriculum alignment brings teams of teachers together to plan instructions. Vertical alignment is when teachers who teach the same content area meet across grade level bands. Horizontal alignment ...learning of the curriculum through integration and application of that knowledge into current knowledge schemes. Cognitive development and higher order thinking skills (HOTS). Using the learners’ mother tongue provides a strong foundation by developing cognitive skills and comprehension of the academic content from day one.Oct 28, 2021 · The sequence includes plans and materials for learning experiences to support and extend children’s learning at various levels of development. Education staff can use this resource to select and implement curriculum that includes an organized scope and sequence. 45 §1302.32 (a) (1) (iii) and §1302.35 (d) (1) (iii): Center-based, family ... overview of the curriculum field and a set of concepts for analyzing the field. To accom-plish these related goals, the discussion that follows focuses on these outcomes: defining the concept of curriculum, examining the several types of curricula, describing the con-trasting nature of curriculum components, and analyzing the hidden curriculum ... 5. Utility usefulness of the content either for the present or the future. 6. Learnability should be within the range of the experiences of the learners. 7. Feasibility can be learned within the time allowed, resources available, expertise of the teacher and the nature of the learners. Curriculum framework. A curriculum framework is an organized plan or set of standards or learning outcomes that defines the content to be learned in terms of clear, definable standards of what the student should know and be able to do. [1] A curriculum framework is part of an outcome-based education or standards based education reform design.The Australian Curriculum includes: eight key learning areas—English, Mathematics, Science, Humanities and Social Sciences, Health and Physical Education, Languages, Technologies and the Arts. seven general capabilities—literacy, numeracy, digital literacy, critical and creative thinking, personal and social capability, intercultural ...allows a curriculum committee to identify key issues and trends that will support the needs assessment that should be conducted and the philosophy that should be developed. Research often begins with a committee's reading and discussing timely, seminal and content specific reports from curriculum associations. Committee members shouldCurriculum Curriculum refers to the entirety of the organized experience of students in any institutional setting towards educational aims and objectives. The elements that constitute and bring to life a Curriculum are numerous, and include goals and objectives, syllabi, content to be taught and learnt, pedagogical practices and assessment, teach-standards at the high school level were organized by discipline. The standards are rigorous. Students who master this content are on a par with those in the best educational systems in other states and nations. The content is attainable by all students, given sufficient time, except for those few who have severe disabilities. .

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